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American Foreign Policy(http://www.earnparttimejobs.com/index.php?id=4605897 )

History and Political Science

Since the World War II ended the American foreign policy has shifted from being based on Isolationism to being grounded on the basis of Interventionism. Before the Second World War, United States followed policies which prevented them from taking actions to interfere or change the political or social climate of other nations but only defend their homeland borders and firmly remain to be self-sufficient and unconcerned with the rest of the world. The policies were changed to being based on interventionism which is founded on the principle of directly intervening in the affairs of other nations.

The change was because of the American views that it was the most decent and had the proper way of living and governing and hence it would take measures to guide other nations towards the same direction. Initially, the nation was largely non-interventionist state which preferred to focus on domestic affairs and paying attention to economic policies abroad. The change occurred after the cold world war whereby America was forced to storm into the war when Japanese pilots bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and this changed United States to be interventionist state. The idea of communism and the threat of Soviet Union influenced every foreign policy the United States had adopted. A recovery program which was passed by congress in 1948 send relief funds into Western Europe and this created an influx of business in the United States.

America later worked to liberate nations which are currently known as the third world. They started practicing a policy of self-determination not seeking conquest or economic control but instead instilling governments that were friendly. The United States through the United Nations intervened into the war between the communist government of Korea and the Republic of Korea since they saw that the Republic of Korea needed help or else it would have been overrun. This war finally settled in 1953 and the borers were restored exactly as they were before the war broke.

In the conflict in Vietnam which was started in 1945 when the Vietminh declared Vietnam independent from France, The United States though had promised to accept the results of the elections which were conducted in 1956 to unite the two separate nations under one democratically elected official later in 1956 they ignored it and provided weapons and training for the friend faction in Vietnam and sent CIA Operatives to destabilize the Vietminh covertly. During the 1950s, the US government had supported a change in control in Cuba whereby the supporting revolution was led by Fidel Castro. When Castro came into power, he severed all ties with the United States and became more open about his socialist leanings.

Later, The United States funded and trained troops which led a coup that attempted to wrest control from Castro though it failed massively. John Blight said that the relations between Castro’s government and America were indirectly responsible for the alliance between Cuba and the USSR. President Harry S Truman (1945 to 1952) set before congress his domino theory which showed that if one pertinent nation fell into communism, it would drag all its neighbors together with it and that led to the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which called for demolishing of communism. He said that they must assist free people to work their own destines according to Shaver (16). Truman laid out is Point IV Program in 1949 which intended to give technical aid to third world nations and also aided formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization which intended  to counter the Soviet threat in Western Europe.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was in power between 1952 and 1960 also propagated the interventionist policies where in 1953 he used the CIA to stage coups and overthrow unfriendly governments in Iran and also Guatemala. He helped to form the Southeast Asia Theory Organization after the fall of Vietnam from French control to Vietminh control in 1954. He acknowledged that there were background events and people involved in various aspects of American Interventionism and hence it was necessary to review the interventionism and look at different sides to debate against it. One of the issues was that getting involved in the foreign affairs would remove the United States’ ability to decide on the matters to get involved with and would further lead to devastations as it was argued by the early isolationists such as Hiram Johnson and Henry Cabot Lodge. They further argued that having the growing importance of International treaties, it was evident that enjoining foreign policies would lead The United States to wars which were not related to domestic circumstances. They did not see the need as to why US should waste money, equipment and risk human life in defending other nations. They insisted that America’s real goal was not the containment of communism but that the US had no right to get involved into the internal politics of foreign nations and hence that was not necessary in ensuring amicable trade agreements.

Throughout the course of second World War, the United States spend many resources to support other nations outside their domestic matters and hence in one way helped to solve difficulties and conflicts and assisted the inferior nations to avoid being overrun by other superior nations they were engaged in war with but also in another way increased the period of war and loss of lifes among the rival nations which they intervened to assist. For instance, in the case of Vietnam conflict, the long period of conflict which took about twenty one years to be resolved could have been averted if The United States had not hindered the 1956 elections through their aggression. Also in the civil war of three years in Korea for the American supremacy of democracy against the communism of Russia and China led to great loss of life and change of borders of the two countries. The intervention of US in internal politics of Cuba led to rising of Castro into power and hence if they had not intervened, Castro would not have had significant reasons to stand against the United States.

From the above history about the emphases of the American foreign policy post the Second World War, it is clear that intervention should be well reasoned and planned and if it has less to do with the protecting of human rights of defending of innocents from mistreatments and conflicts with cruel governments and regimes then it should not be done. Before involvement in the internal matters of any nation as the United States has been doing either to assist in the decision making of the internal politics of the nation or to support in times of war and conflict with other nations, they should evaluate the cost of the process in terms of how long will it take to resolve the problem and the possible damages and risks to the concerned nations they would cause if they intervene.

Other methods if available should be adopted rather than offering support to rival nations of equipment and training of their troops for war. They should intervene to provide support in terms of signing of agreements between the nations and if their intervention would cause more harm than reconciliation to the nations then they should stay out of the matters.

The foreign policy has changed since the end of the World War II in order help other nations to resolve their conflicts and stabilize their economic status which then would improve their relation with the United States and in return America would have provided a way for the nation to be in good terms with it and hence engage in trade agreements which then as it helps to improve the economy of the nation, would also contribute to the adding value to the economy of the United States.

         

Reference

Brinkley A., Richard N., Current T., Williams H., and Freidel F. American History: A Survey. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011

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Review of "I am A Legend" by Dr. Robert Neville

Introduction

            Dr. Robert Neville sets his daily routine to be experimenting on infected rats to find a cure for a virus created by Dr. Alice Krippin. In her efforts to develop a cure of cancer, Alice developed a genetically-variant of measles. After Neville lost his wife and daughter in a helicopter accident during a quarantine of Manhattan, he dedicates himself to finding a cure for the virus. He seems to lose his sexual desire after dedicating himself to scientific research and chooses his dog to be his companion. He is inclined to bear the task because he believes that it was a mistake done by humans and they have to correct it without blaming God. He says, “… God didn’t do this. We did!”

How Neville appears to lose his sexual desire

            After the death of both his wife and daughter, Neville the remains with his German Shepherd dog named Samantha as his companion. He does not seem be concerned with getting a new lover but instead, he spends his time collecting food and medical supplies in Manhattan or hunting for deer. He also spends time at South Street Seaport sitting on a bench to wait for any survivors as he instructs them through his recorded AM radio broadcasts. His relationship with other people seems are based on searching for a cure for virus and shows no interests on sexual affairs. He feels that he has to love something but what is best for him is his dog. The author says “… he had such a terrible yearning to love something again, and only the dog was such a beautiful ugly dog.”

            This is evident in his relation to Sam whom they go hunting together. He strictly remains in his goals of searching for a cure and does not engage in romantic discussions with her. During a fight with infected dogs, Sam is bitten and Neville tries to inject her with a strain of his serum but does not succeed in rescuing her. She starts to mutate and he struggles her to death. He is not disturbed by killing her but instead sees the darkseekers as the cause of her death. If he could not have lost his sexual desire, he could be overcome by emotions and show the love he had for her.  Instead, he reacts as if he has lost just a hunting mate and attacks the darkseekers to revenge. He does not show any sign of losing a special person but only a friend. Anna and Ethan traces him through his radio broadcasts and even after arriving he treats them normally. He does not show any strange emotions in dealing with Anna but only strives to deliver the antidote to her. Even after noticing the butterfly tattoo Anna had, and remembering the butterfly shapes his daughter Marley used to make, this does not draw him close to Anna. He is ever dreaming of saving lives. He screams, “….I can help. I can save you. I can save everybody.” 

            Neville dedicates his life to discover an antidote which Anna delivers to survivors in the Colony camp. He is busy scientifically experimenting samples and does not divert his attention towards sexual matters. He sacrifices his life to protect Anna and Ethan. His main desire remains to be based on discovering an antidote to rescue the human kind, and not developing any sexual relationships with the females he meets. He remains friendly to everyone as he tells a mannequin, “… I promised a friend I would say hello to you today.”

Conclusion

            It is evident that Neville loved his wife and so much that her death has led him to losing his sexual desire. He excludes himself from love affairs in order to be able to find the cure. Loving someone else could make him to forget the pain of losing his wife and daughter which was the driving factor towards finding the cure. This is why the butterfly tattoo Anna had did not make him get attracted to her but instead, it increased the desire to accomplish his mission. He freely gives up his life after giving Anna the antidote, to protect them and ensure the survivors got it. This shows that he has fully achieved his goals and that he had no sexual desires to achieve. Anna tells the survivors, “… He gave his life to defend it. We are his legacy. This is his legend. Light up the darkness”

Work Cited

Matheson R. (2007). I am a Legend. New York: Tor Books Publishers.

Celebrations after passing of the right to work law

Government Meeting to Celebrate the Passing of Right to work law

A meeting was held at the Lincoln dinner to celebrate the passing and enacting of the right to work law. Governor Snyder supported the law and though many people had negative issues concerning the law. Protests were held demonstrating for the union workers whose job had been brought to an end. According to Melissa Waters whose both parents were union workers said that it was not fair to demolish the unions since the workers had their basic needs to cater for and bringing to an end their job was not fair.

The union protected the rights of the workers and hence they were essential bodies to workers. Governor Snyder said that he viewed the law as pro-worker rather than anti-union and said that it would bring jobs to Michigan.  The protests against the law were held since the law made it illegal to require a financial contribution to a union as matter of employment. The workers felt that the union was necessary since it protected their rights. The labor laws and contract stipulations state employees should keep paying mandatory union dues or urgency fees until their collective bargaining agreement expires or until they reach an annual enrolment period for provoking paycheck deductions.

Supporters joined in the meeting for the celebrations though they were greatly outnumbered by the many protestors who demonstrated in the streets.  Firefighters, teachers and factory workers said that the protests were just. Snyder had earlier said that the right to work issue was divisive since different people showed different views concerning it even others challenged the bill at the Supreme Court before it  was finally passed and the law was due enactment. Boonin said that the unions had not been flushed out legally.

The governor said that the law was a good legislation since it would eliminate unnecessary expenditures of resources to unions by the hard-working Michigans and would lead to creation of better jobs but opponents rigidly believed that the law would reduce the union membership and drive wages and benefits down hence hurting the middle class. In response to that view, Snyder argued that the fight for unions would only be giving an opporutunity to unions to be more responsive to workers and that even most jobs in Michigan were not unionized. Supporters added that if there were anyone to be blamed, would be the union workers since many people had run into them where they bragged about their pay and benefits. They also posed the question that if the unions were so beneficial why would they be worried about the right to work law and yet they would definitely join.

Supporters expressed the pleasure to the law and believed that it would boost the economy despite the negative views of the opponents that it threatened member’s livelihood and would hamper organizing.

Fate of people of Borderlands

Fate of People Living in Borderlands

The people living in borderlands have been faced by many challenges which include mistreatment by the security officers guarding the borders and also their own people. Mostly the women in the borderlands have been intimidated and oppressed by the unfriendly culture which is practiced there. There people also face the challenges of being discriminated from the American natives. These people have being restricted from the parts of the states which experience good life and have been let to struggle with the unfavorable conditions of the borderlands. In the borderlands, men are the ones who make laws and take part in the good jobs while the women can only work as housekeepers. They are not allowed to fight for their rights lest they face the hard times of racial discrimination by the men of their area.

As a whole these people are seen as inferior by the Native Americans and also women face an additional oppression from the people of their own race (Feminism on border, 34). The black woman is considered to be inferior and not able to participate in any crucial project of development as Gloria says. This culture is so oppressive to the people and intimidates them making them live under fear and pressures of the laws not able to explore their rights and discover what they can provide for the good of the society. Anzaldua classifies the border culture in different states and says that there is no need for discrimination she the discriminative views on the basis of race are only misconceptions since she have explored the efforts of the different people being discriminated and seen that they can provide a lot to the society. She explains that emotional Borderlands can be found anywhere where there are different kinds of people coming together and occupying the same space or where there are spaces that are hemmed in by these larger groups of people (Anzaldua quoted in K. Urch, and et al., 77). This shows that emotional Borderlands are not characterized by rigid or definite categories, that they are constituted by ambiguities, by diverse people who happen to be searching for a place to fit outside dominant categories, and that these Borderlands can be found anywhere. She explains that people who are in the process of crossing from one class to another or one country to another or one identity to another go through a transition, a nepantla state that is part of the Borderlands (Anzaldua quoted in K. Urch, and et al. 78). Hence, the first of these Borderlands processes is nepantla. Borderlands are considered as a theory, where nepantla happens to be one of its processes. The following process in the theory is Coatlicue state.

Anzaldua explains that the nepantla state has different stages, of which Coatlicue is one (Anzaldua and Keating, 2000, Reuman 2000). She also states another state called “Coyolxauhqui”. This process speaks about reconciliation and auto validation, characteristics that make it equally fascinating. The last process in Anzaldua’s theory is “la conciencia de la mestiza”. This is a powerful concept that integrates the work of all the previous stages and gives the Borderlands theory a specific purpose.

Nepantla State (pathway to Change)

This process was included in the Borderlands theory as a metaphor whereby in describing this metaphoric process, the author incorporates some elements that existed in the etymological meaning and adds her own. Anzaldua also uses this concept, but she also states that nepantla, the space in-between, the luminal stage or transitional periods in identity formation (Anzaldœa and Keating, 2000: 5, 238). The process when the self is going through the process of transiting inside the mind, the psyche and spirit. One needs to be aware of the diversity of know ledges that exist in the world in order to embrace, reject, or select what is best for us. Nepantla constitutes the channel where the journey towards self-awareness, self-proclamation, and, perhaps, liberation begins. For Anzaldua identity is relational, it exists in relation to some other. Therefore, it happens always in this in-between zone, the nepantla or the Borderlands. Throughout the nepantla state, endangered peoples, cultures, or genders gain self-consciousness about the threats that mainstream cultures superimpose upon them and hence learn to re-invent social, political, and cultural spaces in which they not only survive, but also counterattack their oppressors by enhancing cultural difference as a place of power.

Coatlicue State

This state is both the most painful and elucidating process in the Borderlands. Gloria Anzaldua has a profound admiration for female indigenous goddesses, and hence she chose to name her next stage in Borderlands the Coatlicue state. She was concerned about the fact that ancient myths and fictions were and are used to produce realities that work to the detriment of women. Women are depicted as worthless because of their womanhood. She dedicated her work to re-position the myths of female goddesses at the center of her theories in order to return to women the power that patriarchal cultures took away from them. By giving female characters a central role in her theories meant pulling females out of the shadows given that women, in the Mexican and Chicano mythology play negative roles.  Coatlicue is a symbol of life and death. Anzaldua compares the Coatlicue state with the stage of birth during which one is in the womb ready to be born (Anzaldua and Keating, 2000: 225). She says that Coatlicue is crucial to the Borderlands because it serves as the stage where one has to kill the colonized self and everything one has learned in order to re-cognize that self. The self being referred to is  one’s identity going through a stage where it has to confront all the identities, acquired, imposed, desired to identify where the oppression comes from.

Coyolxauhqui State

Gloria Anzaldua introduces Coyolxauhqui as the “daughter” of Coatlicue, the moon goddesses, a warrior woman and the sister of the Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli. She explains that her brother decapitated her, dismembered the body and scattered her limbs and buried the pieces of her body in different places because he was afraid of her power (Anzaldua, 1999: 251; Anzaldua and Keating, 2000: 220). The aim of this process is to produce meaning, coherence, ordering, and shape to the previous work. Coyolxauhqui is in many senses reconciliation with the self, a phase of self-acceptance and self-appreciation. According to her, Coyolxauhqui state is a process of putting the self together not only at the individual level, but also in relationship to the social, political, economical, or emotional context. She also tried to express that there is no problem for people to be different; brown, black, or any other difference and that it is okay having different values, religions, or traditions than those of the white man.

Putting the pieces together and accepting our work as something in progress also means that there is always a possibility for a change, for difference, and that nothing is universal, divine, or perfect. Yet, this imperfection makes ones work perfect, since it is our creation, our struggle, our voice and soul. Our identity, just as our work, is constantly arranged and re-arranged; however, after Coyolxauhqui, we are aware of all the forces trying to influence us, and now we decide to what to pay attention and what to ignore, what to incorporate and what to discard.

Border La Conciencia de La Mestiza

The final process in the Borderlands theory is La conciencia de la mestiza or the Borderlands consciousness as Anzaldua calls, a consciousness that speaks of resistance. The new mestiza is a space of hybridity, of multiplicity, which means that it is not exclusive of Mexican-Americans/Chicanos, Latin Americans, Indigenous, or Indians. Even white males can have a mestiza consciousness since this is a state of mind. Having a mestiza consciousness mean that all the previous processes has prepared the self to engage, to abandon previous feelings of victimization, and to replace them with reason and political action. The new mestiza hence is capable of transformation and evolution and her new identity makes her unique. The attributions of this new identity Anzaldœa describes in Borderlands: The new mestiza copes by developing a tolerance for contradictions, a tolerance for ambiguity. She learns to be an Indian in Mexican culture, to be a Mexican from an Anglo point of view. She learns to juggle cultures. She has a plural personality, she operates in a pluralistic mode nothing is trusted out, the good the bad and the ugly, nothing rejected, nothing abandoned. Not only she sustains contradictions, she turns the ambivalence into something else (Anzaldua 79).

In the new mestiza, feelings of fear and shame together with the wound caused by the separation and subsequent distinction of white/colored, male/female, civilized/barbarians. She reinterprets history, and using the new symbols, she shapes new myths. She adopts new perspectives toward the dark-skinned, women and queers. She strengthens her tolerance for ambiguity. She is willing to share, to make herself vulnerable to foreign ways of seeing and thinking. She surrenders all notions of safety of the familiar She is able to transform herself (Anzaldua 83). Jose David Saldivar explains, la conciencia de la nueva mestiza, for Anzaldua, is neither espaæol, ni ingles, but both (Saldvar 352).

Anzaldua understands that the new mestiza and education is imperative of liberalization but the realities of living in a borderland. Borderland that is muted culture in the midst of the hegemonic power of the United States, the chances are slim that a Chicana will survive the battle against the combined forces of a sexist Chicano culture and the racist power of the dominant culture. Anzaldua’s ant hegemonic strategy aims to recreate border history for the Mestiza while Viramonte’s strategy is to expose the extent of the political power of the United States. There is the oppression of the reserve army of laborers that the United States creates and then designates illegal Immigrants.

Viramontes shows us that we can combine feminism with race and class-consciousness. In this Chicana political discourse, Viramontes commits herself to a transnational solidarity with other working-class people who like all non-indigenous tribes are immigrants to the United States. In The Political Unconscious Fredric Jameson has said, history is what hurts but the most important thing is to consider the past to correct our mistakes and proceed with life rather than trying to deny our past misconceptions that there some people from particular race who are more superior than other people of different races. For the brown immigrants who move to the United States in search of political freedom, their pain intensifies when they realize that for the brown, black, and Asian races, the suppressed history of the United States is the history of exploitation as well as racism and face many challenges.

Summary

This paper has described the culture that is being practiced by the people of the borderlands. They are copying a culture that makes man appear to be more superior to woman and shows how women from various states have been intimidated. Men have been given the opportunity to enjoy making of laws and enjoying good jobs while the women are seeing as housekeepers. They are not given a chance of having good jobs and enjoy good salaries as they are expected to remain submissive to their men.

When the Mexican woman attempts to cross the border, she is more likely to face challenges such as rape and enslavement than any other woman from the other states. Even when she makes it to the U.S side, then she is not guaranteed any opportunity of good life because she is only entitled to being a house cleaner and receiving very little wages of as less as $1 per week. According to Anzaldua, there is the need to be aware that despite of the difference in races, racism should not be used to discriminate people of a particular race or gender. Women from the borderlands should stand against intimidation and take part in constructive responsibilities.

Work cited

Aigner-Varoz, Erika. Metaphors of a Mestiza Conciousness. San Fransisco: Aunt Lute, 2000.

Anzaldua, Gloria. Borderlands: The New Mestiza. San Fransisco: Spinsters, 1987.

Hector, Calderon and Jose David Saldivar. Feminism on the Border: From Gender Politics to Geopolitics. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.