Mark Twain: How to Tell a Story Review

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Mark Twain: How to Tell a Story

Introduction

Mark Twain explains that though he is not a perfect story teller, he has knowledge on how stories should be told. He classifies them into humorous, comic and witty stories. He says that the humorous stories are best done in America while the comic ones are English. He adds that the witty stories are practiced by French people. He differentiates the humorous stories from the comic and witty ones. According to him, the humorous stories may be lengthy and lacking a specific point in their conclusion. The comic and witty stories are short and are concluded by a certain point. However, he compares the humorous stories to move the emotions of the audience more than the comic and witty ones do. They are strictly work of art and hence require skills in telling unlike the comic and witty ones, which can be told by anyone.

How Mark Twain Tells His Story

            Mark Twain succeeds in telling a humorous story- From Roughing It which creates eager to the audience right from the beginning. He gives it a title “When the Buffalo Climbed a Tree” which traps the attention of the audience to known how could that have happened! He takes time to explain the long story just as he had explained to be the nature of a humorous story. He tells about how a joyful buffalo hunt which began with a party turned to be disastrous. This becomes funny to the audience because it creates a scene where the hunter becomes the hunted! He creates suspense to the audience who pay more attention to know the fate of the hunter. He further creates another scene where his horse, which could have been used to escape the wrath of the buffalo dropped down. Instead of struggling to escape he lays down to pray. This makes the audience laugh at the act since he lacks any other option.

At the start of the struggle with the buffalo, he did not pray but when there seems to be no other option, he is forced to pray. He gives the buffalo the power to reason and get surprised. The buffalo should have attacked him when he laid down to pray but instead it became frightened. He says that”… it stopped pawing sand and bellowing to contemplate the inhuman spectacle…” Also the act of saddles starting to slip when he tried to escape creates a funny scenario where one struggles to flee for his life in vain. When audience hear that the buffalo stopped pawing sand, it relieves their tension which had built up, eagerly waiting know the fate of the author. It relieves them from the burden of deep concentration and prepares them for suspense again. This starts creating when he says that all of a sudden, the bull made a snatch on them which brought away some of his horse’s tail.

He says that something triggered the horse to get up and makes it funny by saying that he is not sure about it because he was pretty busy at that time. The audience is aware that the horse got up to escape from the attack of the bull. They are also aware that what the author was doing, was struggling to get to the back of the horse but he tries to hide it. This provides the audience with a chance to reason ahead and try to connect the whole story. The act then draws the emotions of the audience close to the story and starts to empathize with the author. He relieves their attention when he says that the horse managed to escape and exaggerates its speed which makes it funny. All of a sudden, he says that the horse threw him off when the rotten girths got loose of him. At that high speed which he says the horse was almost overtaking an antelope, it creates doubt whether he could really have survived. The horse did not stop but instead it continued to escape and this is shown when he says that it gave his saddle a four hundred yard lift high. This brings in a possibility that the bull might have attacked him. The horse had escaped and it is likely that he got injured when he fell down. The thoughts of the audience are directed towards thinking that there was no other option which he could have adopted in order to escape.

Miraculously, he falls on the foot of the only tree in all the nine neighboring counties. It results into other doubt about whether he was able to climb the tree with the injuries he had incurred. He dramatizes it by saying that he used both his four nails and teeth to climb up the tree. He adds that he was unwound which corrects the idea the audience could have created in their minds. He climbed the tree hopefully to make a step towards saving his life which would be impossible for the bull to make. Climbing the tree did not help since the bull followed him up there. He says that the bull was making attempts to climb without despairing. It sets the audience eager to know whether the bull caught up with him. Awarding the bull an ability to climb a tree shocks the audience and sets them keen to know how it happened. As he explains step by step how the bull was attempting to climb the tree, it builds tension to the audience and creates scene whereby they can figure out how it was happening.

They are eager to know whether it made up to the top of the tree. They also start figuring out what each of them did if it made it to the top of the tree. His story traps the mind of the audience and directs to believe that impossible things can happen. As he narrates, though everyone knows that it is not possible for a bull neither to climb a tree nor to think as humans do, he makes it possible. He says that the bull took time to contemplate what he was doing. Though this is not true, he manages to set the audience into a world of imagination where they can assume it happening. He manages to introduce options where the audience had assumed to have none. He shows how his expectations do slip away leaving no alternative options at that moment, only to start finding for others.

His story is humorous since it draws the imaginations of the audience close and involves them in participation of the narrative. When he fell down, he says that he wished that he could have died for a minute if the horse did not. This shows the audience the hopelessness which had struck him after the fell down and the horse escaped. For continuity of the story, he introduces other options. Throughout the story, he has used misfortunes to be the driving factor towards establishing possible options. He has created an imagination that everything he tries to long for help, it turns him down. This is seeing when his horse drops down and also when the girths unstrapped causing him to fall down from the horse.

Conclusion

Mark Twain has followed the explanations he gave on his text how to tell a story.  He has created a humorous story which is long but funny enough to break the monotony of long period of concentration by the audience. He has managed to direct the thoughts of his audience to certain directions then correct them where they make wrong assumptions. He has based the whole story on imagination in order to be able to manipulate the thinking of the audience easily.

He also set the audience into dilemma trying to clear any possible options towards his survival from the attack. This involves the audience fully into participation through thinking of any possible solution to make him escape. After a while, he introduces an option and this relieves the audience from the hard mental work.

His story has not ended with a main point but only a resolution to the problem. This has cleared the suspense of the audience about whether at the end he managed to survive in good health or the battle with the bull left him wounded.

Aspects of Perception in Close Relationships

Aspects of Perception in Close Relationships

There are various aspects of perception which have significant influence in interpreting events in close relationships which include; presence of peer groups, depth of peer relationships and heterosexual relationships.

1.      Presence of Peer groups

Peer groups refer to people who have a significant impact towards one’s decision making process. They may be one’s age-mates, class-mates or even work-mates who have some degree of expectations towards one’s participation in an activity and hence they their perspectives towards a certain issue may alter the way one interprets an event. If the peer’s perspective about a certain event is positive then they tend to drive one’s views towards the good side of the event and if the peers show dissatisfaction then one will have negative attitudes towards the event.

2.      Depth of peer relationships

This dictates the level of attention one will have to pay towards the views of hi friends and other people who have significant influence in one’s decision making. If the relationship between one and his peers is at a great magnitude then one tends to pay more attention to the perspectives of the peers and hence this would affect how one sees a certain issue. If the relationship is not so close then views of the peers would have less impact on how one would interpret an event since even their views might be ignored or regarded as being based on personal interests.

3.      Heterosexual relationships

The difference in sex affects the way people’s perspectives would affect ones point of view. People from opposite sex would be paid more attention for and their perspectives would determine how one builds an attitude towards an event. If they are impressed by a particular event, one would start building a good attitude towards the event and if the point out various negative issues it directs ones views towards the failures of the event as a whole.

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References

Aron, A., Aron E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as

including other in the self. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 60,

241-253.

Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Kashy, D. A, & Fletcher, G. J. O. (2001). Ideal

standards, the self, and flexibility of ideals in close relationships. Personality

& Social Psychology Bulletin, 27,447-462.

Fiske, S.T., & Taylor, S.E. (1984). Social Cognition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Fletcher, G. (2002). The new science ofintimate relationships. Malden, MA:

Blackwell Publishers.

Fletcher, G. J. 0., & Simpson, J. A. (2000). Ideal standards in close relationships:

Their structure and functions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9,

102-105.

How to Obtain Air Operator's Certificate

How to Obtain Air Operator’s Certificate

Introduction

Air Operator’s Certificate is granted by National Aviation Authority allowing an air operator to use aircraft for commercial purposes. It requires the operator to have assets, personnel and other system ready for ensuring safety of both the employees and the general public. This certificate states the registrations of the aircraft to be used, the purpose they will be used for and the airports and geographical region they will be operating in.

Requirements for Obtaining AOC

In United States, the requirements include;

1.      Having enough personnel with the required experience for the operations intended.

2.      An airworthy aircraft capable of conducting the operations requested.

3.      Good and acceptable systems for training crew and operations manual.

4.      Proper systems of ensuring all regulations are followed.

5.      An appointment of major accountable staff responsible for various critical safety functions.

6.      Carriers Liability Insurance to cover any injury or death of any passenger carried in case of an accident.

7.      A proof that the operator has adequate funds to finance the operations.

8.      Sufficient ground infrastructure for the operator to support operations into the requested ports.

9.      According to European Aviation Safety Authority, the certificate should be held by a legal person who resides in the region.

According to United States Department of Transportation, the work of the Federal Aviation Administration is to ensure that air carriers have adequate financing, competent management and are willing to comply with the set regulations and that 75 percent of the airlines controlling equity voting is held by US citizens.

Sections of Obtaining AOC

 One should arrange a pre-application meeting with the CAA to determine whether the organization has enough understanding of the appropriate regulations and requirements. After the meeting is satisfactory, one is provided with an AOC application package which includes the following documents;

1.      A draft Schedule of events in the application certification process.

2.      An operations checklist manual.

3.      An AOC approvals document template.

4.      The Aircraft equipment checklist template.

5.      Template European Aviation Safety Authority form 4 which are to be completed for each nominated post holder.

Application Process

This is a crucial stage towards obtaining AOC and it involves the following activities;

1.      Identifying the aircraft type operated.

2.      Selection of key personnel including Chief Pilot, chief training captain, chief executive, engineering manager, Quality assurance and Investigation manager and an AOC Application project manager all with suitable qualifications and experience.

3.      Defining the organizational structure, location of offices, tasks to be outsourced and key suppliers.

4.      Submission of application to the regulator of the AOC and for approval by the senior officials.

5.      Preparations to obtain sot of policy and procedure manuals defining how the operation will function in compliance with the regulators rules.

6.      Submission of proposals for ETOPS requirements and other approvals for regulator agreement.

7.      Submission of exposition to the regulator and monitoring its progress in approval process responding to the regulators questions and issues and reviewing where necessary.

After the application process one is awarded the certificate if the organization meets the specified requirements at a fee. The organization should fully prove that it is capable of financing all the operations and has adequate skilled personnel and defined security measures both for the clients and employees. This certificate is offered only to be valid for the operations within the stated geographical region and for the specified operations. The certificate maybe denied if the organization does not meet certain regulations and hence it is necessary to monitor the approval progress. One should be ready to produce any required documents and respond accordingly to the issues from the regulator such as questions. The proposal might also be reviewed if requested by the regulator and it is important for one to confirm the information before submission. This would ensure that relevant information is provided including configurations of the aircrafts to avoid denial of the certificate by the regulator. The organization should also satisfactorily confirm the experience and qualifications of the key personnel to ensure they meet the specified requirements for ease of operation after being granted the certificate.

Company’s Corporate Structure and Maintenance of Airworthiness

The corporate structure includes various departments and also it is flexible enough to accommodate extra departments in case of expansion of the services. It involves officials such as;

1.      The Chief Executive Officer

He is at the top of the corporate hierarchy and is involved in making of crucial decisions affecting the company. He participates in making decisions on matters like need for expansion of the available services, cutting of operations within some loss making routes and also approves the number of employees to be employed. He is assisted by other officials in analyzing the overall progress of the company operations.

2.      Chief Financial Officer

The CFO is involved in creating value for shareholders, measuring the financial performance of the company and determining how it can be improved.

3.      Board of Directors

This is a group of individuals who are responsible in voting for major decisions at the airline. Any crucial matters arising are presented before the board of directors for them to scrutinize the issue fully and come up with suggestions on the actions to be taken.

4.      Sales and Marketing Professionals

They have adequate skills on the best marketing methods and are responsible for making advertisements to the public about the company. They market it in terms of the services it renders in effort to attract customers. They work to ensure that the company attracts customers.

5.      Operations Personnel

This department comprises of the pilots, flight attendants and maintenance workers who conduct the operations of the company. The pilots are responsible for flying the aircrafts to various destinations while flight attendance and maintenance workers who include the load masters and the mechanics ensure that the aircrafts are in good conditions before flight and ensure that the normal weight of the load is not exceeded.

Maintenance of Airworthiness

The aircrafts have to be regularly inspected and serviced to ensure their airworthiness. If any aircrafts is removed from service it should be protected against harmful environmental effects if it has to be parked for duration of time before resuming operations. The maintenance of airworthiness can be classified into three categories depending of the state of the aircraft.

1.      Airworthiness for an Aircraft in Service

The aircrafts should be inspected to ensure that they are working according to the regulatory requirements established for airworthiness. Regular maintenance checks and testing of the aircraft systems should be conducted to detect any malfunction and restore to its normal condition. Between flights, mechanics should perform transit checks of the lanes at the airport ramp. The checks include general walk-around inspection for any obvious damage, required servicing, operational tasks specified for the plane and correction of discrepancies. The qualified ground personnel perform visual preflight walk-around checks and the flight crew will then complete the preflight checklist from the flight deck to ensure airworthiness.

Aircraft Resuming from Maintenance Downtime

This is done to an aircraft which has been out of service for quite a period of time. After an extended period of downtime of an aircraft which needs to be return to service, the operational status of the aircraft systems, aircraft configuration and its airworthiness should be verified. This is necessary because during events like scheduled heavy maintenance check which might have been done to the aircraft major portions of it might have been dissembled for extensive overhaul. Some instrument panels might have removed or aircraft systems dismantled for inspection and refurbishment. There could also be major modifications and structural repairs done. The electrical wiring should also be well reconnected and tested whether it is working properly before the plane is returned to services. All the systems of the plane which had been handled during maintenance should be operationally tested according the instructions of the manufacturer to ensure they meet the manufacturer’s specifications. Also functional check flight should be done before the aircraft can begin revenue service.

Aircraft Returning from Parking

Sometimes an aircraft maybe parked for a long period of time due to operational or business issues such as overcapacity, market conditions, regulatory actions or company restructuring.  Preservation procedures should be followed to protect the plane from structure deterioration, protect the airplane systems and avoid surface finish.

The aircraft should be safe from damage or debris contamination of static ports, pitot probes, total air temperature probes and angle of attack sensors. The external openings of the aircraft such as relief valves, outflow valve, vents and ports should be closed for protection against harmful environmental effects. Regular maintenance checks should be done since due to the inactivity of the airplane changes may occur. The batteries may discharge; there might be contamination of potable water systems or fuel tanks or loss of lubrication by system mechanisms. Some system and components including the hydraulic systems, the oxygen cylinders and the landing gear shock struts may lose pressure.

The plane should be electrostatic ally grounded while in parking and the engine, auxiliary power unit and cargo fire extinguishing systems and other portable fire extinguishers should be in a fully serviceable condition in case of fire. The parking creates problems in the proper functioning of all the systems of the plane since a mistake might occur and the full protection of the plane is deviated from hence resulting to malfunction of some components. 

Grant Chart of Flights Comprising Scheduled Maintenance

This is an illustration of the flying schedule of the aircrafts which comprises scheduled maintenance for a 24 month cycle. It is within the requirement of each of the five aircrafts to fly for 300 hours within a period of 12 months. The flight schedule is similar for all week days but differs from one plane to the other allowing maintenance time at different times.

First 12 months

	Monthly Flight Hours	Daily maintenance Hours
1st plane	250	Be fore departure it should take duration of 3 hours of checks and maintenance.
2nd plane	250	Maintenance done before departure for 3 hours and after arrival for 1 hour.
3rd plane	250	2 hours before departure of maintenance and 1 hr after arrival
4th plane	250	3 hours of maintenance before departure and 1 hour of checks after arrival.
5th plane	250	2 hours of maintenance before departure and one hour after arrival.

After one year, a general maintenance of each airplane is done and replacement of any weak parts of the plane is. The engine of each plane is thoroughly tested to ensure it is well functioning. In case it is not functioning properly for operations in another year it is replaced with a new one.   

Second Year

	Monthly Flight Hours	Daily maintenance Hours
1st plane	250	Be fore departure it should take duration of 2 hours of checks and maintenance.
2nd plane	250	Maintenance done before departure for 2 hours and after arrival for 1 hour.
3rd plane	250	3 hours before departure of maintenance and 1 hr after arrival
4th plane	250	2 hours of maintenance before departure and 1 hour of checks after arrival.
5th plane	250	2 hours of maintenance before departure and one hour after arrival.

The circle then repeats the same process for the following years recurring after every two years.

Maintenance Requirements of Obtaining AOC

There are several maintenance requirements which are required during the process of acquiring an Airline Operator Certificate. These maintenance requirements are intended to ensure airworthiness of all aircrafts and safety of personnel. There should be a scheduled maintenance of the aircrafts including walk-around checks and testing of the plane systems to ensure they are in good order. Regular inspections are also done to ensure that the company is cable of managing all operations of the aircrafts through proper financing. All requirements are intended to fully proving that the company can be trusted to offer the specified services to clients catering for all relevant activities such as training of personnel and proper supplies to the company. An airline is a crucial business to manage of which improper management and failure of any component of the whole process may lead to accidents. The financial status of the company is monitored to ensure capability of proper funding of all operations. It should have a carriers’ liability assurance to cover any damages, injuries or loss of life in case any aircraft causes accident.   

Maintenance Options Available

For organizations intending operate an aircraft fleet under an Airline Operator Certificate should be able to meet the maintenance requirements according to European Aviation Safety Authority. They should ensure that they have adequate funds to pay for maintenance expenses and there are several options the can adopt for ease of operations. They should employ qualified and personnel with enough experience as mechanics who will be responsible for inspecting the aircrafts. These personnel conduct checks on all the systems of the aircrafts to make sure they are function well and proper testing of all components to ensure good coordination and airworthiness.

The organizations may choose to have scheduled maintenance of the aircrafts or be regularly inspecting all the aircrafts and continuous replacing of the improper components. The organization should also employ adequate personnel in order to ensure that all the inspection and testing activities are done thoroughly by well qualified personnel to eliminate any possibilities of accidents due to breakdown of some parts of the aircrafts.

Another possible option to eliminate huge maintenance costs is through conducting of quality marketing to attract many customers and avoid the downtime moments of any of the aircraft. When an aircraft is parked for a quite lengthy period of time either because of business issues or structural issues they develop problems. The problems may result as a result of not ensuring proper protection methods where some components of the aircraft maybe affected by bad effects from the environment.

If major issues concerning the company require any aircraft to be retrieved out of service, then the necessary protection measures should be observed. This will help the company to cut unnecessary maintenance costs of buying and replacing parts of the aircrafts not functioning properly due to improper protection of the plane at the times they are not in service.

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